The alkaline fusion method with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was employed to extract thorium from monazite [29].The advantage of the alkali-based decomposition method is that it is a mature process with simple equipment and a high grade of integrated utilization [40].Table 1 presents the chemical composition of the monazite obtained from …Web
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Uranium-238 also decays by spontaneous fission. Uranium-234 Thorium-230 α 240,000 years Radium-226 Radon-222 α 1,600 years α 3.8 days Uranium-238 Thorium-234 α 4.5 billion years 24 days β 1.2 minutes Bismuth-210 Polonium-210 α 140 days 22 years β 5.0 days Lead-206 (stable) Bismuth-214* Polonium-214 α 160 microseconds 27 minutes β 20 ...Web
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to uranium-234, and so on. The various decay products, (referred to as "progeny" or "daughters") form a series starting at uranium-238. After several more alpha and beta decays, the series ends with the stable isotope lead-206. * Type of Radiation Radionuclide Half-life* thorium-234 24.1 days protactinium-234m 1.17 minutes uranium-234 244,000 …Web
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IC is a process in which the nuclear excitation energy is ... J. P., Cooper, S. P. & Webb, O. F. Spontaneous ultraviolet emission from 233 uranium/ 229 thorium samples. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 ...Web
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Thorium, with its four different radioactive isotopes of greatly differing half-lives, is an excellent tracer which provides insight into the rates and the process of scavenging. Thorium isotopes and their half-lives are: 232 Th, τ 1 / 2 = 1.4 × 10 10 yr (essentially 232 Th can be considered a stable isotope); 230 Th, τ 1 / 2 = 7.54 × 10 4 ...Web
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The uranium is then sent back to the core to start the fission process again. Thorium reactors generate significantly less radioactive waste, and can re-use separated uranium, making the reactor ...Web
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thorium than uranium because there is no isotopic enrichment process •U-233 recycle potentially reduces the ore procurement cost and eliminates the enrichment cost •Future uranium and thorium market prices unknown •Short term economic barrier presented by need for R&D to demonstrate satisfactory fuel performance RadiotoxicityWeb
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the fissile materials 239 Pu and 233 U, which do not occur in nature, are produced by transmutation of uranium-238 and thorium-232, respectively; the latter two are, therefore, called fertile materials. For fuel cycles using 239 Pu or 233 U as the fuel, irradiation of 238 U and 232 Th in the fuel and/or blanket (see Fast Breeder Reactors: Fuels ...Web
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Just as you can turn thorium into uranium, you can turn uranium into plutonium. Even the process is similar: Expose abundant uranium-238 to neutrons, and it will absorb one, eventually causing it ...Web
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Other articles where thorium extraction process is discussed: thorium processing: Conversion to uranium-233: …thorium reactor fuels through the thorium extraction, or Thorex, process, which employs tributyl phosphate extraction chemistry. Irradiated fuel, containing either thorium metal or oxide, is dissolved in nitric acid containing a small …Web
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45% thorium content in case of ideal optimized whole process. The purification was carried out after the caustafication and leaching with hydrochloric acid followed by the addition of oxalic acid at pH 0.3-0.4 to produce thorium oxalate with 91.68 % purity. Thorium oxalate was transformed to oxide by caustafication then washed and …Web
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Thorium is more abundant in nature than uranium and China has already completed its first experimental thorium-based nuclear reactor. But a substantial number of, and transitioning to thorium would require considerable research and development investment. Straight Arrow News contributor Peter Zeihan explains how uranium-based …Web
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A process is described for the separation of uranium, thorium, and rare earths extracted from monazite by digesting with sulfuric acid. By carefully increasing the pH of the solution, stepwise, over the range 0.8 to 5.5, a series of selective precipitations will be achieved, with the thorium values coming out at lower pH, the rare earths at ...Web
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In the uranium fuel cycle, natural uranium is harvested from the earth, processed and then (for most nuclear power reactors) enriched in a process that increases the specific isotope of uranium (U-235) that creates energy when it fissions. This enriched uranium can then be formed into fuel rods and used in nuclear reactors.Web
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The thorium and uranium are extracted by tributyl phosphate (TBP) with only the thorium nitrate and nitric acid as "salting agents.'' As compared to the Thorex process in which aluminum nitrate is employed as a salting agent, a considerable reduction in aqueous waste volumes is possible.Web
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However, there remains a possibility, particularly concerning the by-products of the fueling process. The uranium-233 that acts as a driver for this process is most notable. The International Atomic Energy Agency classifies uranium-233 in the same risk category as high-energy enriched uranium, with a significant quantity of uranium-233 …Web
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Rare earth elements (REE), originally found in various low-grade deposits in the form of different minerals, are associated with gangues that have similar physicochemical properties. However, the production of REE is attractive due to their numerous applications in advanced materials and new technologies. The presence of the radioactive elements, …Web
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These are captured by thorium atoms, converting them into a fissile isotope of uranium called U233. An isotype is a variant of an element with a different number of neutrons. Getty ImagesWeb
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The thorium fuel cycle is a process chain consisting of various stages. The thorium fuel cycle uses thorium 232 as a fertile material.During the fuel burning, the thorium 232 transforms into a fissile uranium 233.. Thorium reactors are based on the thorium fuel cycle and use thorium 232 as a fertile material.During the fuel burning, thorium 232 …Web
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This study systematically evaluated the separation performance of thorium, uranium, and rare earths when coal and coal byproduct were utilized as a non-traditional feedstock for rare earth production. ... A cost-effective process for recovering thorium and rare earths from radioactive residues. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 254, 2020 ...Web
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Thorium (232 Th) is four times more abundant than uranium in nature and has become a new important source of energy in the future.This is due to the ability of thorium to undergo the bombardment of neutron to produce uranium-233 (233 U).The aim of this study is to investigate the production cost of thorium oxide (ThO 2) resulted from …Web
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In this process, thorium and uranium are extracted in two solvent extraction cycle. In the first cycle, thorium is extracted with a primary amine, while uranium is extracted in the second cycle using secondary or tertiary amine. However, these processes have certain limitations largely due to the low solubility of Th(N0 3) 4.Web
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The fluid fuel allows the separation of the stable and radioactive fission products for disposal. It also offers the possibility of burning existing actinides elements and does need an enrichment process like the U 235 -Pu 239 fuel cycle. Thorium is abundant in the Earth's crust, estimated at 120 trillion tons.Web
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Thorium exists almost entirely as 232 Th which has a half-life of 14 050 million years. From its natural state, 232 Th decays through a number of stages to eventually form 208 Pb, which is stable.The main difference is that thorium is far less mobile than uranium in oxidising surface conditions (Mernagh and Miezitis, 2008).Web
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For the one-stage process, the recovery of REEs, thorium, and uranium into the product stream was 90%, 93%, and 51% separately. ... Besides, the amount of REEs, thorium, uranium, and major metals precipitated at a pH of 4.8 is shown in Fig. 10. As seen, of thorium precipitated out, while approximately 19.3% of REEs and 47.9% …Web
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There are downsides to thorium, however. One is that, thorium and uranium-233 are more dangerously radioactive to chemically process. For that reason, they are …Web
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For thorium and uranium, radioactivity with less than 1 Bq/g is considered nonradioactive in every process material, and the waste is classified as exempt waste. This limit is valid for all thorium and uranium decay products ( Haridasan, 2013 ).Web
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First, thorium is three to four times as abundant as uranium and potentially less expensive to process. A few grams of thorium could also produce enough energy to power an average American's ...Web
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thorium-228. The decay process continues until a stable, nonradioactive decay product is formed. In addition to thorium-232, thorium-228 is present naturally in background. Thorium-228 is a decay product of radium-228, and thorium-228 decays into radium-224. The radiation from the decay of thorium and itsWeb
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The separation of milligrams of thorium from kilograms of unprocessed uranium ore has not been presented in the literature, and therefore, a novel process for this separation was developed. Uranium ore is classified by grade, with high-grade ore containing 1 to 4 wt% uranium, medium grade with 0.1 to 0.5 wt% uranium and low …Web
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Mined uranium ore typically yields one to four pounds of U 3 O 8 per ton of ore, or 0.05% to 0.20% yellowcake. The solid waste material from pit and underground mining operations is called mill tailings. The processed water from solution mining is returned to the groundwater reservoir where the mining process is repeated. Uranium …Web
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The thorium fuel cycle, involving the transformation of thorium-232 into fissile uranium-233, is a notable aspect of thorium's role in nuclear power. This cycle begins …Web
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Nuclear reprocessing is included in the lifecycle GHG emissions of nuclear energy. It consists in extracting usable nuclear materials from spent nuclear fuel, which …Web
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thorium, and uranium in leach liquor for the two-step cracking-leaching process. Table 2. Uranium and thorium separation from REE by a two-step cracking-leaching process. REE-Bearing Mineral Reagent Operating Conditions Overall Recovery in Leach Liquor (%) Ref. Pressure (atm) Time (h) T ( C) Th U REE Xenotime Nitric acid 1 - 60 <1 - >98 [35]Web
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production. …can be used to generate uranium-233 through a process known as neutron capture. When a nucleus of thorium-232 absorbs, or "captures," a neutron, it becomes thorium-233, whose half-life is approximately 21.83 minutes. After that time the nuclide decays through electron emission to protactinium-233, whose half-life is 26.967 days.Web
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Uranium is the basis of the nuclear power industry as well as military weapons programs. The unique position of uranium in these activities, the increasing ore grades that have been discovered, and increasing environmental concerns have very much influenced recent process developments. This article presents a review of the current status of uranium …Web
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Thorium fuels, therefore, complement uranium fuels and ensure long term sustainability of nuclear power. • Thorium fuel cycle is an attractive way to produce long term nuclear energy with low radiotoxicity waste. In addition, the transition to …Web
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